Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria

Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria EFE S. I. AWARITEFE O. D. ABSTRACT. Using multiple correlation analysis and student ‘t’test, the Agroclimate factors of Oil Palm production was examined for ten years periods. Result showed that Agroclimate factors (sunshine, temperature and rainfall) are highly correlated with oil palm yield. This is evident from a multiple correlation of 74%. It was also observed that oil palm yield is more in the dry season than in the wet season. INTRODUCTION Any agricultural system is a man-made ecosystem that depends on climate to function just like the natural ecosystem. The main climatic elements that affect crop production are solar radiation, temperature and moisture. These climatic parameters and other depend on them, largely determine the global distribution of crops yield and livestock (Ayoade, 1993). He stresses further that climate elements exert an influenced on all stages of the agricultural production chain, including land preparation, sowing, crop growth and management, harvesting, storage, transport and marketing. This view has earlier be noted by Oguntoyinbo (1983) when he attributed the donation of the cocoa and kola-nut belt in southwest, oil palm bush in southeast and the north south ridge of river Niger comprising area of groundnut, cotton and rice cultivation to these climate vagaries. However, climate influence on oil palm has attracted the attention of some scholars over the years. Amongst whom are Manning (1956), Broekman (1963), Oshodi (1966); and Hartley (1988). An examination of their views shows that Manning (1956), outlined the rainfall requirements of selected food and commercial crops grown in West Africa, and he opined that the mean annual rainfall for oil palm is between 1500— 3000mm in West African Countries. Devuyst (1963) correlated oil palm yield with the influence of rainfall alone; using the concept of useful rainfall. His work however showed a positive correlation. He regarded rainfall as the sole agent influencing oil palm yield, and consequently considers any yield maxima to originate in wet season. Broekman (1963) accepted the view of Devuyst but differs in his finding. He stressed that dry season rainfall is positively correlated with oil palm yield. To him, it is reasonable to except that the amount of rainfall during the dry season will be of particular importance, as moisture is a limiting factor during this period. On the other hand, Oshodi (1966) computed the effective growth energy index for some selected crops in Nigeria. The index was however based on only temperature and rainfall. The Effective Growth Energy (E.G.E) for oil palm in Nigeria is 250-300Â °F. Harley (1988) stated that oil palm yields are correlated with dry season rainfall with measures of effective sunshine, which take into account the distribution of such rainfall in’ the dry season. It is clear from the foregoing that rainfall and temperature correlation with oil palm has been substantiated, however, the relationship between sunshine and oil palm yield, as well as the joint contribution of sunshine, rainfall and temperature, has not be substantiated. Similarly there are divergent views on the relationship between the seasons and oil palm yield. Also, since the establishment of Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in 1939 there have been a relative neglect in the development of Agroclimatological Research Unit in the institute. While other research units (Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering Research, Agronomy, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Extension and On-Farm Adaptive Research, Entomology, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and Statistics) have been developed. What exists in that unit is a dilapidated weather station where climate data’s are collected and never used for research purposes. So, the present study of Agroclimatic factors of oil palm yield in Nigeria is borne out of the desire not only to fill the above gaps, but to proffer useful suggestion that will guide both the oil palm farmers, and the NIFOR officials on the need to plan with the climate of the area. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the extent to which temperature, sunshine and rainfall correlate with oil palm yield. STUDY AREA The Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) is located approximately 29km North West of Benin City, Edo State in Nigeria. It was established in 1939 as Oil Palm Research Station (OPRS) by Nigeria Department of Agriculture. It was taken over in 1951 as West Africa Institute for Oil Palm Research (WAJFOR) by West African Research Organization (WARO). This organ was dissolved in 1960 after independence, and the station was renamed Nigeria institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) by Nigeria Institute Act No. 33 of 1964 mandate extend to Coconut, Raphia and Date palm research. The soil in NIFOR is acid type of sand which is an important oil palm growing soil in Nigeria (Hartley, 1988). The soil are well drained and acidic with clay content in varying proportion at different depths. The soil are deficient in plant nutrient hence the great need for fertilizers application to cultivate palms in NIFOR. NIFOR belongs to the tropical equatorial climate belt of the world, and falls within the tropical rainforest belt of Nigeria. The region is characterized with high rainfall and temperature. Rainfall is over 2066mm per annum, and temperature of 30 33Â °C. Vegetation here is luxuriant type dense tropical rainforest, which comprises of evergreen trees such as mahogany, Walnut etc. The research institute today has sub-stations and experimental stations all over the country where crops are cultivated due to their different climatic requirements. CONCEPTUAL ISSUES The most important concept for this study is the concept of climate and agriculture relationship. This concept which have been adopted by Broekmans (1963); Devuyst (1963); Oguntoyinbo (1966); Hartley (1988); and Ayoade (1993) in similar studies. reveals much on how climatic parameters (rainfall, sunshine, temperature, evaporation etc) are closely interrelated in their influence to drops. Because of this crops/plants are grown in a climatic belt that is best suited for its growth. Thus all crops cannot thrives well in one climate region. For instance, oats and fruits are best grown in the Mediterranean climate while, root crops such as cassava thrives well in region of abundant rainfall and temperature (Neiwolt, 1982). Similarly, since climate is one of the most important natural factors which controls the growth of plants, plant communities therefore undergo gradual changes. And this is because of its ability to cope with the prevailing climatic conditions and also to compete for resources of that environment. Hence, the type of plants/crops cultivated in an area is related to the climate. Also, the annual yield and profitability of farming are predicated on weather elements. In fact, in this part of Nigeria, climate vagaries disrupt the efficient practice of agriculture, and climatic fluctuation creates significant changes for agriculture produces. It is on this that the growth and yield of oil palm is based. Oil palm are found in region with moderate rainfall, high temperature and sunshine which enable the fruit to ripe (Hartley, 1988). METHODS The data used for this study were extracted from the archives of the Agrometerological and harvesting units of the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) Benin City. Monthly and annual temperature, rainfall and sunshine data were collected from the Agrometerological division, while the monthly and annual oil palm yield data were collected from the harvesting unit both data were collected for ten year periods. The choice often years was based on availability and consistency of data. The seasons were delineated using six months (April — October) as wet season and October — March as dry season. Reconnaissance survey was also conducted round the oil palm farms in the institute. Multiple correlation analysis and students ‘t’tests were used to analyze the data. The multiple correlation analysis was used to ascertain the joint relationship between oil palm yield and rainfall, temperature and sunshine. Apart from the joint contribution of the climatic parameters to oil palm yield, it will also enable us to ascertain the individual contribution of sunshine, rainfall and temperature respectively to the oil palm yield (Ayeni, I Q94). Student ‘t’ test was used to determine the season with highest oil palm yield over the years: as well as to ascertain whether there is any significant difference in oil palm yield in the dry and wet season. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS The data collected from the study are presented and discussed in the table below. Table 1: Annual Oil Palm Yield (tons): Temperature (Â °C) Sunshine (hours): and Rainfall (mm) from 1989— 1998. From Table 1 above, the mean annual oil palm yield is 3464 tons, temperature is 32Â °C; sunshine 147 hours and rainfall 165mm. This showed a high yield, high temperature and a high sunshine duration respectively. During this periods, the highest yield of 4961 tons was recorded in 1996, this was followed by 4470 tons in 1989, 39O7tonsinl99O;38lltonsinl995,325ltonsin 1991,3245tonsin1993,3201 tons in 1992, 3177 tons in 1998,2983 tons in 1997 and the lowest yield of 1632 tons was recorded in 1994. This shows that there is no definite pattern of oil palm yield rather the oil palm yield has being fluctuating over the year (See figure 1 below). Temperature distribution during this period is generally high over the years, with the highest temperature of 32.8Â °C in 1997 and the lowest temperature being 30Â °C in 1996. However, there is a little variation in temperature over the years given a range of 2.8Â °C. Sunshine duration is also generally high during this period. This is evident from the mean of 147; and the highest and lowest sunshine duration of 179 in 1989 and 115 in 1997 respectively. Sunshine did not also follow a definite pattern as it varies with a range of 64 hours. Rainfall also fluctuates over this period of study. Fig. 1 above revealed that the three parameters (temperature, sunshine and rainfall) and oil palm yield followed a similarly pattern. There was a sharp drop in oil palm yield in 1994 occasioned by a drop in all the weather parameters. This gives a rainfall range of 78mm. It is evident from the above, that temperature, sunshine and rainfall influences the oil palm yield. The high yield recorded over the years could be explained to the high temperature, sunshine and rainfall respectively that encouraged its growth, and the ripening of the oil palm fruits. The seasonal distribution of oil palm yield, temperature, sunshine and rainfall is another pointer to the fact that climatic element correlates with oil palm yield. This is illustrated in figure 1. Figure 2 shows that oil palm yield, sunshine and temperature exhibits similar pattern of variation. Oil palm yields increases from 366 tons in January to 435 tons and 432 tons in March and April respectively. This being the months with the lowest oil palm yield, it then decreases from 288 tons to 186 tons in July and August, being the month with lowest palm yield. Thereafter it rises to 2112 in the month of October. Sunshine duration followed a similar pattern, the highest duration of sunshine were noticed during the dry seasons. This showed a duration of 201, 185 and 182 hours in the month of November, December and January respectively, while the lowest sunshine duration of 70, 87 and 97 hours was recorded in July, August and September being the period of wet seasons. Temperature also exhibits a similar pattern with oil palm yield and sunshine duration. Generally, temperature is higher in the dry season, than in the wet season. This is evident from temperature of 33.7Â °C, 34Â °C and 35Â °C recorded in the months of December; March and February; and 3 1Â °C, and 29Â °C in June, July August and September respectively. Rainfall distribution over the years showed a direct opposite pattern to sunshine and temperature with the highest amount of 317mm, 312mm and 313mm recorded in the month of July, August and September respectively (see fig. 2). The lowest amount of rainfall (23 mm and 10mm) was recorded in January and December being the dry season in Nigeria. To ascertain whether there is significant difference in the seasonal variation in oil palm yield, the student ‘t’ test showed that there is significant difference between oil palm yields in the dry and wet season. This is evident from the calculated ‘t’ value of 7560, which is far higher than the critical table value of 2.0. at 0.05 significance level. This is another pointer to the above distributional pattern, which shows that the dry season recorded the highest oil palm yield than the wet season. The effect of the climatic factor (temperature, sunshine duration and rainfall) on oil palm yield was also analyzed. Result showed that they jointly contributed 74% to oil palm yield. This is evident from the result of multiple correlation analysis of yield, sunshine, temperature and rainfall. Thus it can be deduced that sunshine, temperature and rainfall are significantly related with oil palm yield. The rest 26% could be explained by other factors such as edaphic factors, evapo-transpiration, pests, humidity and diseases, etc. The contributions of each climatic factors to oil palm yield was also shown from the multiple correlation result. The result showed that sunshine, temperature and rainfall contributed 70%, 25% and 5% respectively to oil palm yield during this period. From this analysis one could now say that sunshine exerts the highest influences of 70% on oil palm yield than the other factors. This is because, sunshine duration did not only aids in ripening of the oil palm f ruits, but also generate photosynthesis, which is the main energy source of all plants. Temperature influence on oil palm yield is as a result of the high sunshine duration. Rainfall, however, has a little influence on oil palm yield most especially during the dry season when plants generally needs moisture in the soil for growth and general survival. Apart from the Agroclimatic factors of oil palm yield, the field observation conducted round some farms in NIFOR, reveals that weeds as well as seasonal outbreaks of pests and diseases were prevalent in the farms. Oil palm yield lost caused by these factors may be considerable over the years. More so when the diseases are often weather related, either in terms of local weather conditions being unfavourable for its growth and development or in terms of the prevailing winds helping to import air-borne germs/ spores into a given areas. The pests and diseases were more during the dry season where rainfall is minimised. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study revealed that Agroclimatic factors (sunshine, temperature and rainfall) exert high influences on oil palm yield. 74% expansion of oil palm yield is attributed to these climate factors. The rest 26% is attributed to other factors such as edaphic factors, pests, diseases, weed, humidity, etc. Sunshine, however, exerted more influence on oil palm yield than rainfall and temperature. Similarly, oil palm yield is more in dry season than in wet season. And there is more prevalence of pest and diseases in oil palm farms during the dry season than in the wet season. To improve oil palm yields and to eradicate pest and diseases there is the need for the fanners and NIFOR officials to plan with the climate of this prevailing environment. Thus, oil palm should be cultivated during the wet season because of availability of moisture for its growth, and harvesting during the dry season because of high sunshine for its ripening. The farms should be constantly cleared to eliminate weeds since they accelerate water loss by transpiration at the expense of the oil palm. There should be weekly or monthly routine check-up of the oil palm plantation, so that the affected stands can easily be treated with the necessary pesticides or insecticides. This will also lid p to prevent the spread of epidemic outbreak across the stands. The use of fertilizer and irrigation system should be intensified than the present level of usage in NIFOR. The irrigation is highly needed in the early age of oil palm growth during the dry season. The Agroclimate unit of NIFOR should be upgraded to research division and the attached weather station should be well equipped with modem Agroclimatic facilities/equipment. This division when upgraded will play advisory roles on the effect of climate factors on the various crops that is cultivated by this institute. REFERENCES Ayeni B. (1994), Quantitative Method for Geography Students. Research Support Services. Ibadan, pp. 72 81. Ayoade J. O. (1993), Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics. Spectrum book Ltd. Ibadan, pp. 204 220. Broekmans A. (1963), Growth, Flowering and Yield of the Oil Palm in Nigeria. In West African Institute for Oil Palm Research No. 12. Devuyst A. (1963), Annual Oil Palm Yield. West African Institute for Oil Palm Research, No. 12. Hartley C. W. S. (1988), The Oil Palm Tropical Agricultural Series, Longman Group Ltd, London. Manning H. L. (1956), The Statistical Assessment of Rainfall Probability and Its Application to Uganda Agriculture. Proceedings of Royal Society Series, pp. 144, 460 480. Oguntoyinbo J. S. (1966), Climate and Mankind. Annual Lecture Series Presented to the University of Ibadan. Oshodi F. R. (1966), Biometerological Studies of Nigerian Crops. Nig. Met. Services Lagos. Nienwolt S. (1982), Tropical Climatology: An Introduction to the Climate of the Low Latitude. John Wiley and Sons. Ltd. Chichester.

Belonging Essay: “Rabbit Proof Fence” by Phillip Noyce Essay

â€Å"A sense of belonging comes from having connections with people and place†/ Compare how the texts you have studied convey these ideas. Who am I? Where do I belong? ‘A person’s identity is shaped by their sense of belonging and/or not belonging’. This concept is clearly explored in the touching movie â€Å"Rabbit proof fence† of three girls running away to find way home, to where they belong to. Whereas, Peter Skrzynecki’s poems â€Å"Postcard† and â€Å"10 Marry Street† focus on the self-awareness and conflicts inside the author as he tries to find his identity and belonging through a postcard and his old house. â€Å"Rabbit- Proof Fence† is a 2002 Australian drama film directed by Phillip Noyce. The true story is set in 1931, about three aboriginal girls forced to leave their families in Jigalong as they are half caste children to be trained in the domestic ways of modern civilization. The film explores aspects of bo th belonging and not belonging in telling the story of these Aboriginal girls. Throughout Phillip Noyce’s â€Å"Rabbit Proof Fence†, Molly has a strong sense of connection to the land and to her family. As she says at the beginning, â€Å"Our people, the Jigalong mob, we were desert people then, walking all over our land†; it clearly shows where she feels she belonged. But her words â€Å"The white people†, shows her opposite feeling as she has no sense of belonging to white society. Young Molly is told by her mother about a significant figure of her culture, the spirit eagle which symbolises the totem of her community and the connection to her ancestor. The image of the family playing and hunting together in the opening scene is one of unity, support and protection. Unfortunately, Molly’s family is soon separated as the children are sent thousands of miles away. The scene when the children are taken by the police is extremely dramatic and intense. The sense of loss is made greater by the screaming of the children and mother, her repeating the word â€Å"mine† showing her ownership of her children and the frenzied feeling created through hand-held camera work. The children’s new home at Moore River is so unfamiliar and is juxtaposed with the natural world of their bushland home. The image of Molly, her sister and her cousin sleeping together in the same bed focuses our attention on their need to feel secure and protected. They are forced to s peak English, and their language was thought â€Å"wangka†, â€Å"jabber†. The girls are taught to give up their culture and their language to learn the white culture which is completely strange to  them. The enticements of the white people, â€Å"You’ll feel quite at home in this new world† does not attract Molly and even makes her sick. The climax is when Molly decides to escape from Moore River. They walked 1500 miles along the longest fence in the world being hunted by Constable Briggs and an Aboriginal tracker. The fence in the movie represents a symbol of the way to their home. When they grip the fence, the film juxtaposes image of their mother also gripping the fence, and a close-up shot of their smiles reveal their joy of being connected by beautiful emotional music. Molly and her sister then continue their long journey home overcoming many obstacles to be finally reunited with their family. The slow motion image of the mother crying, hugging the kids emphasises the significance of their need to belong and the strong connection to fa mily. The movie would not have a happy end as Molly is then taken away after she gets home, but it cannot stop her from running away all her life to be where she belongs. If â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence† leaves the audiences beautiful images of a family’s strong connection and the desire to belong to a real home, the poem ‘Postcard’ by Peter Shrzynecki explores the concept of belonging on the persona’s sense of cultural identity. It is a postcard that the author received, which depicts the city of Warsaw in Poland, his homeland. However he does not feel the same sense of connection to his homeland that his father feels, but rather feels alienated and disengaged. The negative connotations of the verb â€Å"Haunts† and its position on a line by itself highlight the persona’s unease and uncertain connection to the place. This contrasts his friend’s perception that his parents will react positively to this postcard, feeling a sense of connection to it: â€Å"he requests I show it to my parents.† The separation of â€Å"I† and his parents on a separate line suggests their different perception s to the postcard. The poet described the picture in the postcard without enthusiasm, from the â€Å"Red buses† to â€Å"The River and its concrete pylons and the sky’s brightest shade†. The colours in the post card are unnatural and his unfamiliarity with Warsaw is emphasised when he cannot tell whether something is a park. Skrzynecki however, is stuck by the moment. The usage of personification gives the effect of the poet’s conversation with Warsaw, â€Å"I never knew you†, which is his direct refusing of relation to the place. The following â€Å"Except in the third person† emphasises the poet’s sheer distance and detachment in his life from the city. Contrast to Skrzynecki’s  negative to the city, his parents and their friend as â€Å"dying generation† are continuing the attachment to the city with a strong sense of belonging. They â€Å"shelter†, â€Å"defend†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Despite living in a new city, these older migrants find a sense of collective belonging in reminiscing about their â€Å"Old Town†. The persona clearly distances himself from this, separated through the distinction made between the pr onouns, â€Å"I† and â€Å"They†. The author then confronts the conflict which lies in the rhetorical question â€Å"What’s my choice to be?† as his parents will be proud and speak of their â€Å"Beloved Ukraine†. The poet recognises the city’s offers but concludes that he cannot give it more than â€Å"eyesight† and â€Å"praise† and his response will not come from his heart. Yet, it then ends with a tone of desperation as he asks, â€Å"What more do you want besides the gift of despair?† Which reinforces the poet’s conflict to acknowledge his connection and loss with the city. The use of direct speech: â€Å"A lone tree whispers, we will meet before you die† personifies Poland and suggests it is calling him home. It is a prophecy that he must visit Poland in order to understand his identity. The reason he could not yet belong to Australia is simply because he did not understand his original heritage. For Skrzynecki, to belong to Australia he must first belong to, and understand Poland by visiting it and giving in to its calling. The experiences of belonging on the other hand, are often initiated at birth within family, as it is the first group an ind ividual becomes a part of. â€Å"10 Mary Street† is the address of Shrzynecki’s family, and the poem that conveys with insight into the concept of familial bonds, and our instinctive choice to belong in the home. The sense of the comfort is established in the beginning of the poem with the simile ‘A well-oiled lock’ indicates the positive image of the Skrzynecki household going through the sense of ownership and security it provides. The ‘Nineteen years’ also adds a depth to this and expresses the sense of belonging Skrzynecki felt to the place. Plus the repeat of the pronoun ‘We’ emphasises their togetherness and belonging to each other. In another simile, ‘ ravage the backyard garden like a hungry bird†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Skrzynecki compares his early boyhood days of hunger after school with a young bird in the nest revealing the delights of the family’s vegetable garden and it creates an image of comfort, security and familiarity. The garden is an important aspect of their lives where the poet’s parent â€Å"watered plants- grew potatoes†¦ like adopted children’,  stressing their strong connection to their home. The posi tive images ‘For nineteen years, we lived together’, and later of â€Å"visitors† sharing their common interests, ‘discussions’, ’embracing gesture’ present their home as a trusted site of the liveliness and friendliness. Contrasting to the warmth and security inside, outside of the house with â€Å"its china-blue coat†, represents a refugee for them, and an unwelcoming culture into which the family must go, but do not really belong. Once again there was a barrier, the â€Å"still too-narrow bridge† that separated the two worlds. Besides giving them a haven from nature, the enclosed space gives them a chance to preserve a private life and include their past life in â€Å"pre-war Europe†. ‘For nineteen years’, Skrzynecki ‘lived’ his Australian life style while his parents ‘kept prewar Europe alive with photographs and letters’. This juxtaposition portrays the adopted nature of the home for his parents as a refugee, and for the persona as a home. The immigrant family’s naturalisation into Australian society is described as becoming â€Å"citizens of the soil†. This metaphor creates a feeling of being connected as Skrzynecki’s family accepted and became a part of the land. Throughout the poem is tone of positive feeling and contented. The family’s only regret is leaving the home. In essence, belonging is a fundamental aspect of an individual’s life and one should make as many positive interactions with others in order to enrich their experience of this essential human need. Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Post Card† extensively explores that the sense of belonging if is undefined can â€Å"haunt† a person their entire life. This is contrasted with the idea that positive interactions of an individual to a group or their family as is highlighted in the film â€Å"Rabbit-Proof Fence† and especially in Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"10 Marry Street†, as the members of the Skrzynecki family feel an enriched sense of belonging to one another.

The Lost Secret of Free Exploratory Essay Samples

The Lost Secret of Free Exploratory Essay Samples Our book would not have gotten written. The writer must stay neutral. Within the body, the writers should offer an analysis of the various perspectives they want to discuss in their essay. While writing such essays, you as an inexpensive essay writer might or might not own a perception of the subject or any specific opinion about the subject. You as a person who is writing an exploratory essay should broaden your imaginativeness a great deal more than that which you usually have. Put simply, an exploratory essay has a larger scope. It is designed to not only help the reader learn and grow, but also the author. Creating an exploratory essay might appear tricky or complicated but in fact it's not if you know the fundamental rules of its composition. Characteristics of Free Exploratory Essay Samples An exploratory essay is a typical procedure in organizations when they're taking a look at a particular issue from various perspectives and attempt to collect as much information on the subject because it's technically possible. As you're totally free to move from 1 topic to another, a standard theme is still needed. To begin with, you'll need to choose a fresh topic to write about. A few of the topics under which you can write on can incorporate health, social problems, government policy problems, and technological probl ems amongst others. Exploratory essays are written with the sole aim of informing and also providing the most suitable answer or a remedy to a problem. Irrespective of the topic orientation, the researcher proceeds from the character of the issue, targets and tasks of the work, and the particular material he has. The Hidden Secret of Free Exploratory Essay Samples Be certain you've read assignment carefully! In summary, you may use a number of the writing strategies you already utilised in the introduction. Exploratory research might be a 1 study or a group of informal research intended to offer background details. Find somebody who can provide you an independent evaluation of your assignment. A great exploratory paper supplies you with a chance to reorganize the body of knowledge in a manner that's convenient to you. Tackling small tasks are the sole method to find major things done. Eliminating an inconsequential object ends in a small shift in your environment, but it permits you to calmly check off one more thing from the proverbial collection of things to be worried about. The discovery of antibiotics might be readily placed among the inventions that truly altered the surface of the world and the method of humans' existence. Free Exploratory Essay Samples Features It is very important to pick a strong topic for your paper. Exploratory papers can be made on several topics and subjects. You don't have to supply solutions as the paper is for the role of identifying the issue. Your paper should supply a reader with details and examples to demonstrate you've studied the topic thoroughly. In the majority of the essay types you will learn how to write you'll be encouraged to stay objective and to cite facts throughout the paper to do your objective. Even in case you have great analytical abilities, writing a cause and effect essay isn't a bit of cake. Though other essays are focused on having a thesis statement that's explained within the body, you will need to have a different approach in the way that you handle exploratory essays. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a wide range of topics and strategies to bring up the idea. Attempt to formulate a very clear question of once you simply begin working on an essay. So even when you believe the essay writing topic is too hard, our essay paper writers can solve it with no hassle. Based on the approach you take, this kind of essay doesn't have to be difficult or very tricky. There are many methods about how to compose an expository essay. During education for a student, an individual might need to compose an exploratory essay. Therefore, students are often confused when they are given a task since they don't really understand how to compose an exploratory essay and what is necessary to do it. Your teacher doesn't really care if you're interested in the exploratory essay topics that are supplied to you.

Conspiracy Theories Are An Integral Part Of Society

Conspiracy theories are an integral part of society to answer the world’s unexplained questions. It is a theory that explains an event or set of circumstances as the result of a secret plot by usually powerful conspirators (Merriam-Webster). There are various ways to categorize these theories. According to Jesse Walker, there are five kinds: The enemy outside, the enemy within, the enemy above, the enemy below, and benevolent conspiracies (p. __). On the other hand Michael Barkun believes there are three types: event conspiracy, systematic conspiracy, and super-conspiracy (p. 6). The conspiracy theory at hand revolves around Purdue Pharmaceuticals (Purdue Pharma), and their release of opioids. Opium is a plant that was used from 1804 to now. In 1972 Contin was put on the market at a controlled drug-release system (Purdue Pharma L.P.). 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Hamilton himself was one of the most powerful figures in the Federalist Party and was so well known within the party that his advocates believed that he emulated the political energy of GeorgeRead MoreMartha Stewart2966 Words   |  12 Pagesvalues. †¢ Lead with your heart as well as your head. †¢ Establish connected relationships. †¢ Demonstrate self-discipline (Weaver). STEWART INDICTED BY U.S GRAND JURY Unfortunately Martha Stewart, an American home decorator icon, was convicted of conspiracy, making false statements, and obstruction to an agency proceeding. On December 27, 2001, Sam Waksal, the key shareholder in ImClone, ordered his broker, Peter Bacanovic to sell all his stock in the company. Bacanovic was also Martha Stewarts brokerRead MoreThe Missing Plane, Malaysia Airlines Flight Mh3702863 Words   |  12 Pagesprofessionals are known as the spin doctor or Public Relations (PR) expert in dealing with the mass media to mobilize and steer public opinion (Louw, 2010). This article addresses the role and the relationship of spin doctoring with other players take part in mass media, with two case studies demonstrated: one being successful and one being unsuccessful spin. The successful spin will be shown using the example of the Islamic State Group in Syria and Iraq (ISIS). On the other hand, the unsuccessful oneRead MoreComplex Organizations And Its Evolution1944 Words   |  8 PagesComplex Organizations and its Evolution Change and evolution are key elements for proper development. Our society wouldn’t be the same today if it didn’t change in different phases of time. As humans, we have an ever-changing perspective and for generations, we have been changing our views and perspectives. Organizations are no different. They also had to go through different sets of changes in order to evolve into what we see them as now. Organizations are a class of socially assembled innovationsRead MoreInternational Business At Se Ethical, Corporate Social Responsibility And Human Labor Issues1809 Words   |  8 Pagesuncertain. This was shown through the corrupted police officers’ conspiracy with the traffickers as revealed above. Instead, as mentioned by Marschke (2014), the Thai government has to acknowledge the labour shortages in the country’s fishing industry and the growth in the fish-farming operations. The governments of the victims should also take steps to protect their citizens from being preys of the con agents. Besides, the society roles are also viewed by journalists. Quirk (2012) believes that

Analysis Of The Odyssey By Homer - 1192 Words

Opposites Attract? Julian Adame A person s response to hardships can reveal the true nature and characteristics of that person. In â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer both Odysseus and Penelope each face their own hardships. Odysseus left his home for a ten year war and took another ten years to return home. Penelope after not knowing where her husband is, has had to deal with the suitors trying to win her over. They both use similar traits and characteristics to overcome their hardships, but the one thing overall that connects Penelope and Odysseus is their passion. Odysseus longs to get home to Ithaca and to his family; Penelope also longs for Odysseus to return and unite their family and reclaim their household. The†¦show more content†¦Penelope shows a similar loyalty to some of her disloyal servants by letting them continue to be a part of their household even after they have been sleeping with suitors. This loyalty to each other inspires Odysseus and Penelope to do what they need to do to reunite their family. Odysseus and Penelope both use cunning and clever characteristics; Odysseus uses these characteristics to return home while Penelope uses those characteristics to extend the choice o f a suitor. Odysseus shows his cleverness when dealing with the cyclops Polyphemus. He tells the Polyphemus that his name is Nobody, so later when he blinds the Cyclops , Polyphemus screams, â€Å"Nobody’s killing me now by fraud and not by force!† (The Odyssey 9:455) so the other cyclopes paid no attention to him. This demonstrates Odysseus’ cleverness and ability to think his way out of situations. Penelope also possesses this skill of cleverness when attempting to keep the suitors away. Penelope weaves a shroud in Odysseus’ honor and she tells the suitors she can not choose one amongst them until she finishes weaving. However, what the suitors do not realize immediately is that Penelope is undoing the weave every night to stall as long as she can in hopes her husband will return. One of the suitors even refers to Penelope as â€Å" the matchless queen of cunning† (The Odyssey 2:95). Penelope is just as cunning and clever as Odysseus, but it s because of herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Odyssey By Homer1422 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer, Penelope becomes a different person when she is brought into a time where women are taken control of more than anyone else in the Greek world. During this epic story, Penelope becomes a person of her own and not just someone that is focused on the hard times that she faces as well as her husband being gone for a long period of time. â€Å"Yes she’s in you’re your house, waiting and waiting with an enduring heart, poor soul, weeping away the lonely days and nights†(Homer, pg.379)Read MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer1202 Words   |  5 Pagescoping with the idea of losing his father and letting others to rule Ithaca. It is noticeable from the beginning of The Odyssey, written by Homer that Telemachus finds himself in a complicated situation where his life is seen to be in danger. He is a character of being distance from people. The idea of Telemachus becoming his own father, threatens suitor’s control in Ithaca. Homer describes Telemachus as a teenager who has not found himself and is on a mission to become an adult as his father. TelemachusRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer1095 Words   |  5 Pagesused in Homer’s Odyssey is the digression. The digression is departure from the main storyline that does not alter the action of the story, but adds a layer of sentimental content to the plot which usually helps underscore themes central to the story. The digressions in the Odyssey are meticulously written with great attention to detail just like the rest of the epic, and they truly help readers grasp the important aspects of the story. The liberal use of digression in the Odyssey helps build a vividRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey, By Homer915 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the Odyssey, the hero, Odysseus is portrayed in two different and contradicting lights: the wise hero an d the capricious leader blinded by his own pride. The epic writer, Homer, embodies the theme of hubris throughout Odysseus’ journey home. The idea of hubris, a trait of excessive pride, significantly develops personalities of characters within The Odyssey, and Homer ultimately creates a statement about excessive pride. The dual portrayal of Odysseus leads the reader to ultimatelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pages The word â€Å"Family†, according to Merriam Webster, is thought to be a group of people brought together by common affiliation. The same cannot be said for the culture in the Odyssey by Homer. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is trying to get back home from fighting in the Trojan War. He has been away from home for almost 20 years longing to just be reunited with his kinfolk. Along the way, he comes across many obstacles that hinders him from reaching his home and family in in Ithaca. Luckily, the memoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer2018 Words   |  9 PagesThe Odyssey by Homer is more light in tone than the Iliad, of the same author: The good wins while the evil is punished. Even though the gods are still strict, the relationship between Odysseus and Athena is a more sincere and equal a relationship than between God and Man in the Iliad. Odysseus is distinguished not only by his bravery, but largely by his intellect and cunning. He is the type of resourceful man w hom never gives up, thinks of the causes, is reverent and never gives in. The Odyssey isRead MoreAnalysis Of Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey2253 Words   |  10 Pagesand Midwifery Council, 2006). The literature surrounding the subject of mentorship is vast and fails to provide a single definition, however the terms used are often similar. Colley (2000) writes that the word mentor originated in Homer’s poem ‘Odyssey’ in which the character oversees the development of Telemachus. Usually mentoring describes the process of an experienced team member using their skills and knowledge to educate and develop a junior or less skilled co-worker (Chartered Institute ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 1483 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in The Odyssey Violence in Literature can take any form, whether it be natural disaster like and earthquake or a human based disaster like war (Campbell). In Homer’s The Odyssey both types are found†¦ whether it’s Odysseus’s hardships like making it home or dealing with the wrath of the god Poseidon. Every violent scene has its own reasons, some are more reasonable than others. For instance, the gods were angered by the disobedience of the mortals, this is more reasonable than the killingRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 795 Words   |  4 PagesVince Wolfe Mrs. Cmaylo English 9 (2) 6 November 2015 Odysseus Epic Hero In the Epic, â€Å"The Odyssey, spoken by Homer, conveys a heroic tale of an epic hero named, Odysseus, who faces many challenges as he sails to get home. One of the tasks Odysseus faces is, The Sirens, who challenge Odysseus s will power. Another challenge Odysseus encounters is, â€Å"The Cyclops, who torments and slaughters some of Odysseus s men due to his curiosityRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 PagesGreek society, Homer’s The Odyssey provides a detailed insight into the values of this intricate culture. In particular, this epic discusses the ways in which the deathless gods influence the fates of the mortals. The overall impact of the gods’ power is the mental straining that emerges from the unrelenting conflict of man versus immortal. Likewise, the actions and misfortunes of others also catalyze this extremely significant and powerful mental battle. Homer’s The Odyssey reveals the values of ancient

An Independent Teenager Free Essays

As an independent teenager, I would say that I can do anything I want. I can precede living ordinarily without any disturbance and obstacle. But there are certain things that I can’t live without it. We will write a custom essay sample on An Independent Teenager or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the other word, my day will be ruined and fidget if I lost or missed the thing. One example of the thing I can’t live without is my Nikon D90. It is a Digital SLR camera. The camera brings me a lot of memories and sentimental value. I bought it by myself using my very own money and effort. It cost me around RM8,000 excluding the other accessories. The lens only cost me around RM5,000. What make this camera to be part of my life not just because it is very expensive, but I used the camera to gain extra profit every weekend. I am a part time photographer, so the camera was my primary gadgets to shoot pictures. Usually every weekend I was paid to become a wedding photographer. If there is no wedding on the weekend, I’ll go for an outing with my camera. Anywhere I go, I will bring along my camera including to the toilet and in the examination hall. . I rather walk alone with my camera than my own girlfriend. But that doesn’t disturb our relationship because she really understands my interest hobby. What makes the camera very special for me because I felt that I have a talent on capturing pictures. It suits me very well. The other thing that I can’t live without is my laptop. This laptop was given to me by my father as a present of my 19th birthday. This is my first laptop, and I’m still using it until now. This laptop helps me a lot. One of the purpose of this laptop is for doing my assignment given by lecturers. Before my dad gives me the laptop, I was forced to go to the cybercafà © spending some money to do my assignment. Now, I can do my assignment in my house. Other than doing assignments, I use the laptop for editing. The wedding pictures that I took on the weekend will be edited using my laptop before go for printing. This can be the prove that my laptop was fully used for important purpose, not for streaming and chatting via facebook. Both things were my precious life. I can’t live without my Digital SLR camera my laptop. If one of them were missing, my life can be ruined and I might be crazy or dead! How to cite An Independent Teenager, Essay examples

International Experience Intercultural Competence

Questions: 1. How can listening help you develop intercultural competence?2. Discuss your own vision for the world. What is the role of intercultural competence in your vision? Answers: 1. In most, if not all, the places in the world, it would be both true and evident to state that listening is an essential skill. As a matter of fact, listening refers to your ability to understand information actively as spoken and the interest displayed in the topic of discussion. Additionally, it can entail a feedback provided to the speaker, such as making inquiries of pertinent questions that allow the person you are conversing with knows that you have understood the message. Being the case, listening helps you to understand others better and thus enabling you to develop intercultural competence. Cultural competence is all about your actions and will in building an understanding between you and others, meaning that you are open and respectful of others cultural perspectives and beliefs. As such, listening becomes an essential skill that enables you to build relationships, which are significant to cultural competence given that the foundations are made from understanding each others attitudes and expectations that as a result builds on each others strength in knowledge. On the other hand, intercultural competence involves the way you understand others culture and how they do yours, which listening as a skill plays a pretty big role in given that the key effective communication is listening, as without it, there are several misunderstandings. Taking this into consideration, you should learn to develop your communication skills by listening much so that your interaction across the different cultures of the world can be efficient and effective. 2. Above everything else, my vision for the world we live in today is to see peaceful co-existence everywhere. You will notice that there are ever clashes between different cultures, communities, and even countries. To put the ever rising clashes to rest, intercultural competence and mutual understanding have to be established. It is through these two important attributes that we can be able to come to a common understanding that will enable us to address the most virulent problems as faced by contemporary societies today. Taking a look at a majority of the most common occurrences that caused the disruption of peace, they have been as a result of hate speech, discrimination, and manifestations of prejudice. Interestingly enough, you will find these problems linked in a way to political and socio-economic misunderstanding and inequalities of between people coming from different cultural affiliations and background. As such, intercultural competence is of great significance if at all I would want to see my vision of a peaceful co-existence everywhere coming to be. However, to fulfill the vision of a peaceful co-existence everywhere in the world, education would be essential it would touch on the numerous aspects of our lives. Education would enable citizens from anywhere to culturally live together in different communities. This is because our capabilities to both communicate and understand each other as fellow beings who come from diverse cultural divisions is fundamentally important for making such societies work. In short, intercultural competence needs to be acquired through education, which objectively aims towards enhancing and developing this ability that can make an important contribution to a peaceful co-existence.